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                <text>Digitized by: Cat Jung, Emily Chiu&#13;
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                <text> A man holds a sign with two slogans; on the left, the sign says “Freedom for INS Detainees!” and, on the right, it says “Human Rights for INS Detainees!” The demonstrator takes part in a rally for Freedom for INS Detainees, in front of the Federal Plaza Immigration Court and INS district offices.  &#13;
&#13;
Republican-controlled Congress passed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) in 1996, expanding the power of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to deport or indefinitely imprison immigrants. By 1999, the number of immigrants detained by the INS increased by 70%. [1] CAAAV organizing efforts focused on connecting the INS abuses to related organizational concerns of police violence and surveillance. Organizers highlighted the inhumane conditions of the Elizabeth and Wackenhut Immigration Detention Centers, in New Jersey and Queens, respectively. &#13;
&#13;
On July 27, 1999, over half of the immigrants detained in Wackenhut initiated a hunger strike to demand humane conditions and the review of parole applications for those with pending political asylum cases. On August 1, 1999, CAAAV and other community organizations gathered in support of participants in the hunger strike. [2] For more information on the Wackenhut demonstration, see CAAAV item “Protesting INS Detention Center in Queens.” [3] Wackenhut staff kept participants in the strike isolated in solitary confinement and threatened them with immediate deportation. Emmy Kutesa remained the only hunger striker by Fall 1999. In support of Kutesa and other detainees, a coalition of community organizations, including CAAAV, came together to demonstrate outside of the INS district offices at 26 Federal Plaza. Collectively, protesters demanded human rights and freedom for INS detainees across the country. [4]&#13;
&#13;
In “Asian Communities- Policing and Prisons,” published in CAAAV Voice issue Fall 1999, Eric Tang connects the anti-immigrant policies to their late-19th century predecessor, the Chinese Exclusion movement, as well as to the contemporary phenomenon of the the Prison Industrial Complex. [5] Tang contextualizes the development of the the Prison Industrial Complex and its effect on Black and Latino communities. In doing so, the article demonstrates CAAAV’s insistence on organizing in solidarity with other communities of color who are affected by police surveillance and violence. &#13;
&#13;
Footnotes: &#13;
[1] “1996 Immigration Legislation,” CAAAV Voice (Fall 1999): 6. Accessed October 19, 2024. https://archives.caaav.org/files/original/8bf58b30ba09cc4ad6d580d28fa12763.pdf &#13;
[2] Eric Tang. “Asian Communities- Policing and Prisons,” CAAAV Voice (Fall 1999): 6. Accessed October 19, 2024. https://archives.caaav.org/files/original/8bf58b30ba09cc4ad6d580d28fa12763.pdf &#13;
[3] “Protesting INS detention center in Queens,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 19, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/1855. &#13;
[4] Alisa Solomon. “Wackenhut Detention Ordeal,” The Village Voice. August 31, 1999. Accessed October 19, 2024. https://www.villagevoice.com/wackenhut-detention-ordeal/ &#13;
[5] Tang. “Asian Communities”: 4. </text>
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                <text>Digitized By: Cat Jung&#13;
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                <text>Sign for Anibal Carrasquillo Jr. at Yong Xin Huang's memorial service in Columbus Park</text>
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                <text>Anibal Carrasquillo Jr. was 21 years old when he was shot in the back by NYPD officer Marco Calderon on January 22, 1995, under the suspicion of looking into vehicles. [1]&#13;
Two months later, on March 25, 16-year-old Yong Xin Huang was shot in the back of the head by NYPD officer Steven Mizrahi after a neighbor reported that the former and his friends were playing with a gun (later found out to be a pellet gun). [2]&#13;
&#13;
The image captures a moment during Huang's memorial service in Columbus Park [3] where a woman (likely Carrasquillo’s mother, Milta Calderon) has a sign around her neck in remembrance of Carrasquillo, displaying the unfortunate connection between the two as victims of police brutality. &#13;
&#13;
The sign around the woman's neck reads "No Justice, No Peace!! for Anibal Carrasquillo Jr." (with a photograph of Carrasquillo below), "Flatbush," and "Shot in the back by P.O Marco Calderone January 22, 1995." Some parts of the sign are obscured due to the reflection of the sun's light in the image.&#13;
&#13;
Beside the woman is Saleem Osman, a coordinator with CAAAV's Lease Drivers Coalition, who was assaulted and arrested by police a year earlier. [4] There are two large signs behind the woman and Osman.&#13;
&#13;
The giant poster on the left is from the Young Korean American Service and Education Center (YKASEC), now the MinKwon Center for Community Action. It reads "Justice for Yong Xin Huang 청년학교 YKASEC."  The other poster behind the woman and Osman reads "Committee Against Anti-Asian Violence."&#13;
&#13;
The photograph’s presence within CAAAV’s Digital Archive showcases the organization’s continued legacy in highlighting police brutality as an issue all marginalized people face. Moreover, it focuses on their commitment to solidarity with other marginalized communities, which has been a part of CAAAV since its founding. One of the organization's earliest actions was partnering with the National Congress for Puerto Rican Rights (NCPRR), a grassroots organization that supported Latine communities against discrimination and racial violence. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, these two organizations would be allies in confronting Mayor Giuliani’s policing regime and supporting grieving families.[5]  &#13;
After the memorial, Carrasquillo was a constant figure in marches and demonstrations, with him being on signage at the 1996 Racial Justice march [6] and the takeover of the Brooklyn D.A. office, [7] respectively. His family also represented him at rallies.[8]&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
[1] "Officer Shot Man in the Back, Medical Examiner Finds". The New York Times. January 24, 1995&#13;
&#13;
[2]  The Murder of Yong Xin Huang · Quality of Life: CAAAV’s Activism Against the Giuliani Administration’s Policing · CAAAV Digital Archive&#13;
&#13;
[3] “Voice Fall 1995,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 20, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/2131.&#13;
&#13;
[4] “Saleem Osman and his lawyer on court day,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 23, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/2101.&#13;
&#13;
[5] Truong, Vivian. "From State-Sanctioned Removal to the Right to the City: The Policing of Asian Immigrants in Southern Brooklyn, 1987–1995."Journal of Asian American Studies 23, no. 1 (2020), p 69-75&#13;
&#13;
[6] “Parents Against Police Brutality at the 1996 Racial Justice Day March,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 23, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/2205.&#13;
&#13;
[7] “Takeover of Brooklyn DA Office,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 22, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/1998&#13;
&#13;
[8] CAAAV, “April 25 Rally/March From 1 Police Plaza to Chinatown,” CAAAV Digital Archive, accessed October 22, 2024, https://archives.caaav.org/items/show/2041</text>
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                <text>A protester holds a sign that reads “Who Can We Trust?” while marching at a demonstration for Saleem Osman. Other protesters stand in the background. On the side a police officer watches over the scene. &#13;
&#13;
On May 26, 1994, Saleem Osman, a CAAAV organizer for the Lease Drivers Coalition, was assaulted by police and arrested on fabricated charges. Over a hundred Asian Americans and yellow cab drivers marched from Police Plaza to Central Booking the following day in protest of this unlawful arrest.</text>
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[1] CAAAV, “Police Brutality in Asian American Communities,” CAAAV Voice Newsletter, Winter 1996, 3. </text>
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